Socio‐economic benefits from protected areas in southeastern Australia

International case studies of protected area performance increasingly report that conservation and socio‐economic outcomes are interdependent. Effective conservation requires support and cooperation from local governments and communities, which in turn requires that protected areas contribute to the economic well‐being of the communities in which they are sited. Despite increasing recognition of their importance, robust studies that document the socio‐economic impacts of protected areas are rare, especially in the developed world context. We proposed 3 potential pathways through which protected areas might benefit local communities in the developed world: the improved local housing value, local business stimulus, and increased local funding pathways. We examined these pathways by undertaking a statistical longitudinal analysis of 110 regional and rural communities covering an area of approximately 600,000 km² in southeastern Australia. We compared trends in 10 socio‐economic indicators describing employment, income, housing, business development and local government revenue from 2000 to 2010. New protected areas acquisitions led to an increased number of new dwelling approvals and associated developer contributions, increased local business numbers, and increased local government revenue from user‐pays services and grants. Longer‐term effects of established protected areas included increased local council revenue from a variety of sources. Our findings provide support for each of our 3 proposed benefit pathways and contribute new insights into the cycling of benefits from protected areas through the economy over time. The business and legislative models in our study are typical of those operating in many other developed countries; thus, the benefit pathways reported in our study are likely to be generalizable. By identifying and communicating socio‐economic benefits from terrestrial protected areas in a developed world context, our findings represent an important step in securing local support and ongoing high‐level protection for key components of the world's biodiversity.     

The current state of knowledge of ecosystems and ecosystem services in Russia: A status report

This paper focusses on a conceptual overview of ways to address a comprehensive analysis of ecosystem services (ES) in a country as large and heterogeneous as Russia. As a first step, a methodology for assessing the services for the federal subjects of Russia was chosen, i.e., its constituent provinces and similar entities, in physical terms. Russia harbors a great diversity of natural conditions and ecosystems which are suppliers of ES, and likewise a variety of the socio-economic conditions that shape the demand for these services and their consumption. The methodological approach described permits several important tasks to be addressed: the evaluation of the degree of satisfaction of people’s needs for ES, the identification of ecological donor and acceptor regions, and zoning of the country’s territory for ES assessment. The next step is to prepare a prototype of a National Report on ES in Russia, for which we are presenting the planned structure.     

Striking the balance: Challenges and perspectives for the protected areas network in northeastern European Russia

Increasing anthropogenic pressure on the largest remaining tracts of old-growth boreal forest in Europe necessitates additional conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity in northeastern European Russia. In a regional network comprising 8 % of the Nenets Autonomous District and 13.5 % of the Komi Republic, 248 areas have varying protected statuses as state nature reserves (zapovedniks), national parks, reserves/sanctuaries (zakazniks), or natural monuments. Due to increased natural resource extraction in this relatively pristine area, designation of additional protected areas is critical for the protection of key ecological sites. The history of ecological preservation in these regions is herein described, and recent recommendations for incorporating additional ecologically representative areas into the regional network are presented. If the protected area network can be expanded, the overall environmental stability in these globally significant ecosystems may remain intact, and can help Russia meet the 2020 Aichi conservation targets, as set forth by the Convention of Biological Diversity.     

郑州市民运会期间大气PM2.5改善效果评估

利用2019年8月5日至9月30日大气污染物和颗粒物组分在线数据,评估郑州市少数民族运动会空气质量管控效果.根据政府管控措施的实施时间,将研究时期分为管控前(8月5～24日)、管控中(8月25日至9月18日)和解除管控后(9月19～30日).相较管控前,管控中PM_(2.5)平均浓度增加2.3μg·m~(-3),解除管控后PM_(2.5)的浓度增加了11.7μg·m~(-3),解除管控后PM_(2.5)浓度增幅高于管控中,表明管控措施对颗粒物有显著的减排效果.从颗粒物组分来看,研究期间郑州市主要组分依次是有机物、硝酸根、铵根、硫酸根和地壳元素.相比于管控前,管控期间PM_(2.5)组分中有机物和硝酸根占比分别上升3.9%和0.9%,硫酸根、铵根和地壳元素的占比下降了1.1%、 1.9%和2.2%.利用正定矩阵因子分解法解析颗粒物来源,结果表明二次硫酸、二次硝酸、二次有机气溶胶、机动车源、工艺过程源、扬尘和燃煤是PM_(2.5)主要来源.管控对一次源中的扬尘、燃煤和工业效果显著,贡献比分别下降8.3%、 8.2%和8.1%;机动车贡献上升3.8%;二次有机气溶胶和二次硝酸占比上升.结果表明郑州市此次管控对二次前体物氮氧化物和VOCs的减排效果弱于对一次污染物的管控.     

北京松山国家级自然保护区典型植被类型表层土壤碳密度及周转速率特征

为阐明不同植被类型下表层土壤有机碳的分布特征,本文选取北京松山国家级自然保护区内胡桃楸阔叶林、蒙古栎阔叶林、油松针叶林、针阔叶混交林、灌丛和草甸6种典型植物群落作为研究对象,基于野外调查、采样与实验室分析对不同植被类型下表层土壤有机碳含量、密度及周转速率进行了研究。结果表明：草甸表层土壤有机碳含量和密度最高,分别为188.5 g/kg和10.9 kg/m²,周转速率最低,为0.019 6/a;针阔叶混交林表层土壤有机碳含量和密度最低,分别为68.6 g/kg和5.7 kg/m²,周转速率为0.074 9/a;灌丛表层土壤有机碳周转速率为0.077 4/a。土壤有机碳含量整体上随土壤深度增加而逐渐减少。土壤水分的增加和土壤温度的下降使表层土壤有机碳含量及密度呈上升趋势,而使有机碳周转速率呈下降趋势。土壤有机碳密度随海拔升高呈逐渐上升趋势。海拔通过影响不同植被群落土壤水热条件来影响微生物活动及凋落物的分解,进而影响表层土壤有机碳含量、密度和周转速率。本文为松山国家级自然保护区典型植被类型土壤碳储量和周转研究提供了有效参考。     

基于模糊物元的工业园区空气质量评价模型

针对工业园区空气质量的复杂性和模糊性,利用模糊物元分析理论,结合海明贴近度的概念,建立了一种基于模糊物元的空气质量评价模型。以金山二工区为例,选取《环境空气质量标准》规定的6种主要污染物SO2、NO2、CO、O3、PM10、PM2.5作为评价指标,分析了园区内5个自动监测站2016年7月1日的环境空气质量状况,并与空气质量指数(AQI)技术分析结果作比较。两种方法的评价结果基本一致,与实际状况相符。     

静脉产业类生态工业园区的建设方法分析

静脉产业类生态工业园区运用先进的技术,将生产和消费过程中产生的废物资源化,是中国循环经济建设的重点领域之一。但是中国现有的静脉产业类生态工业园区尚处于创建阶段,没有形成规模化发展,因此可以在建设过程中借鉴日本、德国等发达国家的成功经验,探索适合中国国情的建设模式。本文通过分析静脉产业类生态工业因区在生产原料、生产过程和产品销售方面的主要影响因素以及其他国家采取的相应措施,为中国静脉产业类生态工业园区的建设提出建议。     

Mapping Outlets of Iowa Flood Center and National Water Center River Networks for Hydrologic Model Comparison

River networks based on Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data differ depending on the DEM resolution, accuracy, and algorithms used for network extraction. As spatial scale increases, the differences diminish. This study explores methods that identify the scale where networks obtained by different methods agree within some margin of error. The problem is relevant for comparing hydrologic models built around the two networks. An example is the need to compare streamflow prediction from the Hillslope Link Model (HLM) operated by the Iowa Flood Center (IFC) and the National Water Model (NWM) operated by the National Water Center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The HLM uses landscape decomposition into hillslopes and channel links while the NWM uses the NHDPlus dataset as its basic spatial support. While the HLM resolves the scale of the NHDPlus, the outlets of the latter do not necessarily correspond to the nodes of the HLM model. The authors evaluated two methods to map the outlets of NHDPlus to outlets on the IFC network. The methods compare the upstream areas of the channels and their spatial location. Both methods displayed similar performance and identified matches for about 80% of the outlets with a tolerance of 10% in errors in the upstream area. As the aggregation scale increases, the number of matches also increases. At the scale of 100 km², 90% of the outlets have matches with tolerance of 5%. The authors recommend this scale for comparing the HLM and NWM streamflow predictions.     

Challenges and Opportunities for Creating Intelligent Hazard Alerts: The “FloodHippo” Prototype

Disasters evolving from hazards are a persistent and deadly occurrence in the United States. Despite this, hazard alerts have remained spatially vague, temporally imprecise, and lack actionable information. These deficiencies indicate a divide between the status quo and what is possible given modern environmental models, geographic information systems (GIS), and smartphone capabilities. This work describes an alternative, prototype system, “FloodHippo,” which integrates operational model outputs, cloud‐based GIS, and expanded communication channels to provide personal and interactive disaster alerts for floods. The precepts and methods underpinning FloodHippo apply equally to other disasters that evolve over space and time, presenting the opportunity for a more intelligent disaster response system. The development of such a system would not only minimize current shortcomings in disaster alerts but also improve resilience through individual action, along with community, academic, and federal cooperation.     

国家重点研发计划“水资源高效开发利用”重点专项系统化管理研究

根据《国家重点研发计划管理暂行办法》,国家重点研发计划重点专项和项目要聚焦国家重大战略、以目标为导向,从基础前沿、重大共性关键技术到应用示范进行全链条创新设计、一体化组织实施。为有效完成科技计划管理改革对专业机构项目过程管理提出的新要求,本文简要阐述专业机构对"水资源高效开发利用"重点专项管理的设想,为其他以技术研发与应用示范为主要产出形式的科研项目提供借鉴。